From my hometown Urbana, vector and raster data for all the world!
"Access Illinois GIS data sets and documentation (metadata) for ArcIMS Interactive Map Services, USGS digital topographic maps, aerial photography, orthoimagery, orthophotography, geology, land use, natural resources, and infrastructure. Illinois data sets and map data layers are available for download free of charge."
NOAA is one of the biggest contributors to the government geodata world. Here is an example of interesting finds you can research through satellite data. Cloral bleaching is a problem in today's warming world, and NOAA/NESDIS compiled these...